Exploring pandemic preparedness through public perception and its impact on health service quality, attitudes, and healthcare image

Mondino, E., Scolobig, A., Di Baldassarre, G. & Stoffel, M. Living in a pandemic: A review of COVID-19 integrated risk management. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 98, 104081 (2023).
Pisaneschi, G. et al. Optimal social distancing in epidemic control: Cost prioritization, adherence and insights into preparedness principles. Sci. Rep. 14, 4365 (2024).
Google Scholar
Kordestani, A., Oghazi, P., Izmir, O., Oypan, O. & Ozer, S. Identification of the drivers of and barriers to COVID-19 vaccine intake behavior using a mixed-method design: Implications from a developing country. J. Innov. Knowl. 8, 100413 (2023).
Google Scholar
Williams, B. A., Jones, C. H., Welch, V. & True, J. M. Outlook of pandemic preparedness in a post-COVID-19 world. npj Vaccines 8, 178 (2023).
Google Scholar
Saeed, H. M., Saad Elghareeb, A., El-Hodhod, M. A. A. & Samy, G. Assessment of COVID-19 preparedness response plan on higher education students simulation of WHO intra-action review in Egypt. Sci. Rep. 13, 741 (2023).
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Pulse Survey on Continuity of Essential Health Services During the Covid-19 Pandemic. 48/WHO-2019-nCoV-EHS_continuity-survey-2020.1-eng.pdf (2020).
Squalli, J. Deciphering the link between healthcare expenditure, corruption, and COVID-19 mortality. Sci. Rep. 14, 12702 (2024).
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. WHO Checklist for Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Planning. (2005).
Coker, R. & Mounier-Jack, S. Pandemic influenza preparedness in the Asia-Pacific region. The Lancet 368, 886–889 (2006).
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Pandemic influenza preparedness and response: A WHO guidance document. (2009a)
Davies, R. et al. Enhancing reporting of after action reviews of public health emergencies to strengthen preparedness: A literature review and methodology appraisal. Disaster Med. Public Health Prep. 13, 618–625 (2019).
Google Scholar
Aguilera, B. et al. Stakeholder participation in the COVID-19 pandemic preparedness and response plans: A synthesis of findings from 70 countries. Health Policy 142, 105013 (2024).
Google Scholar
Villalobos, A. P. et al. Pandemic preparedness: Analyzing national plans for respiratory pathogen pandemics in the Americas region. J. Infect. Dis. (2025).
Google Scholar
Ortu, G., Mounier-Jack, S. & Coker, R. Pandemic influenza preparedness in Africa is a profound challenge for an already distressed region: analysis of national preparedness plans. Health Policy Plan. 23, 161–169 (2008).
Google Scholar
Qari, S. H., Yusuf, H. R., Groseclose, S. L., Leinhos, M. R. & Carbone, E. G. Public health emergency preparedness system evaluation criteria and performance metrics: A review of contributions of the CDC-funded preparedness and emergency response research centers. Disaster Med. Public Health Prep. 13, 626–638 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kachali, H., Haavisto, I., Leskelä, R. L., Väljä, A. & Nuutinen, M. Are preparedness indices reflective of pandemic preparedness? A COVID-19 reality check. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 77, 103074 (2022).
Google Scholar
Beishuizen, B. H. et al. A systematic literature review on public health and healthcare resources for pandemic preparedness planning. BMC Public Health 24, 3114 (2024).
Google Scholar
Nunes, M. C. et al. Redefining pandemic preparedness: Multidisciplinary insights from the CERP modelling workshop in infectious diseases, workshop report. Infect. Dis. Model. 9, 501–518 (2024).
Google Scholar
Ajzen, I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 50, 179–211 (1991).
Google Scholar
Wollast, R., Schmitz, M., Bigot, A. & Luminet, O. The Theory of Planned Behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison of health behaviors between Belgian and French residents. PLoS ONE 16, e0258320 (2021).
Google Scholar
Gibson, L. P., Magnan, R. E., Kramer, E. B. & Bryan, A. D. Theory of planned behavior analysis of social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: Focusing on the intention–behavior gap. Ann. Behav. Med. 55, 805–812 (2021).
Google Scholar
Irfan, M. et al. Assessing public willingness to wear face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic: Fresh insights from the theory of planned behavior. J. Eval. Clin. Pract. 18, 4577 (2021).
Google Scholar
Afulani, P. A. et al. Inadequate preparedness for response to COVID-19 is associated with stress and burnout among healthcare workers in Ghana. PLoS ONE 16, e0250294 (2021).
Google Scholar
Bollyky, T. J. et al. Pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: An exploratory analysis of infection and fatality rates, and contextual factors associated with preparedness in 177 countries, from Jan 1, 2020, to Sept 30, 2021. Lancet 399, 1489–1512 (2022).
Google Scholar
Di Giulio, G. M., Mendes, I. M., Campos, F. D. R. & Nunes, J. Risk governance in the response to global health emergencies: Understanding the governance of chaos in Brazil’s handling of the Covid-19 pandemic. Health Policy Plan. 38, 593–608 (2023).
Google Scholar
Tan, Y. R. et al. A call for citizen science in pandemic preparedness and response: beyond data collection. BMJ Glob. Health 7, e009389 (2022).
Google Scholar
Lazarus, J. V. et al. Influence of COVID-19 on trust in routine immunization, health information sources and pandemic preparedness in 23 countries in 2023. Nat. Med. 30, 1–5 (2024).
Google Scholar
Kitamura, N., Abbas, K. & Nathwani, D. Public health and social measures to mitigate the health and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey, Egypt, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Poland during 2020–2021: Situational analysis. BMC Public Health 22, 991 (2022).
Google Scholar
Durmuş, V. Epidemic trends of COVID-19 in 10 countries compared with Turkey. Vacunas 22, 10–19 (2021).
Google Scholar
Abas, N., Kalair, E., Dilshad, S. & Khan, N. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on community lifelines. Contin. Resil. Rev. 4, 94–123 (2022).
Inelmen, K., Aydın, B. & Ulus, M. The sustainability of health organizations for medical tourism development. In Tourism Development (eds Kozak, N. & Kozak, M.) 132–147 (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015).
World Health Organization. Influenza pandemic plan. The role of WHO and guidelines for national and regional planning (The Organization, 1999).
Sivakumar, G., Almehdawe, E. & Kabir, G. Developing a decision-making framework to improve healthcare service quality during a pandemic. Appl. Syst. Innov. 5, 3 (2021).
Google Scholar
Guo, Y., An, S. & Comes, T. From warning messages to preparedness behavior: The role of risk perception and information interaction in the Covid-19 pandemic. Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. 73, 102871 (2022).
Google Scholar
Ajibo, H. Effect of COVID-19 on Nigerian socio-economic well-being, health sector pandemic preparedness and the role of Nigerian social workers in the war against COVID-19. Soc. Work. Public Health. 35, 511–522 (2020).
Google Scholar
Jairoun, A. A. et al. Exploring the knowledge, attitude and practice towards disaster medicine preparedness and readiness: A prescriptive insight by the community pharmacists in the United Arab Emirates. PLoS ONE 17, e0273209 (2022).
Google Scholar
Tsai, Y. Y. & Yang, T. T. Measuring voluntary responses in healthcare utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Taiwan. PLoS ONE 17, e0271810 (2022).
Google Scholar
Satria, F. B., Tsai, F. J. & Turbat, B. Analyzing self-evaluation capacity scores related to infectious disease control in International Health Regulations during the first year of COVID-19 pandemic. Sci. Rep. 12, 15025 (2022).
Google Scholar
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A. & Berry, L. L. Servqual: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perc. J. Retail. 64, 12 (1988).
Li, M. H. The influence of perceived service quality on brand image, word of mouth, and repurchase intention: A case study of min-sheng general hospital in Taoyuan, Taiwan. AU-GSB e J., 4, (2011)
Jiewanto, A., Laurens, C. & Nelloh, L. Influence of service quality, university image, and student satisfaction toward WOM intention: A case study on Universitas Pelita Harapan Surabaya. Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci. 40, 16–23 (2012).
Google Scholar
Hu, H. H., Kandampully, J. & Juwaheer, T. D. Relationships and impacts of service quality, perceived value, customer satisfaction, and image: An empirical study. Serv. Ind. J. 29, 111–125 (2009).
Google Scholar
Hossain, M. A., Jahan, N. & Kim, M. A multidimensional and hierarchical model of banking services and behavioral intentions of customers. Int. J. Emerg. Mark. 18, 845–867 (2023).
Google Scholar
Liat, C. B., Mansori, S. & Huei, C. T. The associations between service quality, corporate image, customer satisfaction, and loyalty: Evidence from the Malaysian hotel industry. J. Hospit. Market. Manag. 23, 314–326 (2014).
Durrah, O., Allil, K. & Kahwaji, A. Impact of service quality dimensions on hospital image: The mediating role of patient satisfactions. Int. J. Appl. Bus. Econ. Res. 13, 6937–6951 (2015).
Lubis, A. N., Lumbanraja, P., Lubis, R. R. & Hasibuan, B. K. A study of service quality, corporate social responsibility, hospital image, and hospital value creation in Medan. Eur. Res. Stud. J. 20, 125–133 (2017).
Salihin, B., Jusuf, E., Azikin, I. S., Taufik, M., & Syarifuddin, A. The Effect of Service Quality with Facilities on Patient Satisfaction through the Image of Public Health Centre. In Proc First Aust Int Conf Ind Eng Oper Manag. 2857–64 (2022).
Coutinho, E. D., Vieira, P. R. D. C., Mattoso, C. L. D. Q., Troccoli, I. R. & Renni, M. J. P. Influence of service quality and corporate image on the satisfaction of patients with Brazil’s National Cancer Institute. Int. J. Pharm. Healthc. Mark. 13, 447–468 (2019).
Google Scholar
Mostafa, M. M. Gender differences in Egyptian consumers’ green purchase behaviour: The effects of environmental knowledge, concern and attitude. Int. J. Consum. Stud. 31, 220–229 (2007).
Google Scholar
Batbaatar, E., Dorjdagva, J., Luvsannyam, A., Savino, M. M. & Amenta, P. Determinants of patient satisfaction: A systematic review. Perspect. Public Health 137, 89–101 (2017).
Wang, J., Fu, Y., Lou, V., Tan, S. Y. & Chui, E. A systematic review of factors influencing attitudes towards and intention to use the long-distance caregiving technologies for older adults. Int. J. Med. Inform. 153, 104536 (2021).
Google Scholar
Cham, T. H., Lim, Y. M. & Sigala, M. Marketing and social influences, hospital branding, and medical tourists’ behavioural intention: Before-and after-service consumption perspective. Int. J. Tour. Res 24, 140–157 (2022).
Google Scholar
Chishti, H. et al. The impact of hospital brand image on patient loyalty and patient behavioral intention: The mediating role of patient satisfaction. J. Namib. Stud. Hist. Politics Cultur. 33, 886–912 (2023).
Mandagi, D. W., Rampen, D. C., Soewignyo, T. I. & Walean, R. H. Empirical nexus of hospital brand gestalt, patient satisfaction and revisit intention. Int. J. Pharmaceut. Healthc. Market. 18, 215–236 (2024).
Google Scholar
Gündüz Hoşgör, D. & Coşkun, F. Turkish society’s perception of nursing image during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Nurs. 23, 91 (2024).
Google Scholar
Bernacki, K., Keister, A., Sapiro, N., Joo, J. S. & Mattle, L. Impact of COVID-19 on patient and healthcare professional attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors toward the healthcare system and on the dynamics of the healthcare pathway. BMC Health Serv. Res. 21, 1–9 (2021).
Google Scholar
Pham, B. D. et al. Knowledge, attitudes and self-confidence with skills required for providing dementia care in physicians at primary healthcare settings in Vietnam. BMC Health Serv. Res. 24, 86 (2024).
Google Scholar
Wu, C. C. The impact of hospital brand image on service quality, patient satisfaction and loyalty. Afr. J. Bus. Manag. 5, 4873 (2011).
Mohammad, M. A. Healthcare service quality: Towards a broad definition. Int. J. Health Care Qual. Assur. 26, 203–219 (2013).
Google Scholar
Osei-Frimpong, K. & Owusu-Frimpong, N. Value co-creation in health care: A phenomenological examination of the doctor-patient encounter. J. Nonprofit. Public Sector Market. 29, 365–384 (2017).
Google Scholar
İzmir, O. From marketing as a thought to marketing as a science: The scope, properties and methodology of marketing science. Sinop. Univ. J. Soc. Sci. 7, 536–569 (2023).
Fan, W., Liu, J., Zhu, S. & Pardalos, P. M Investigating the impacting factors for the healthcare professionals to adopt artificial intelligence-based medical diagnosis support system (AIMDSS). Ann. Oper. Res. 294, 567–592 (2020).
Google Scholar
Nelson, C., Lurie, N., Wasserman, J. & Zakowski, S. Conceptualizing and defining public health emergency preparedness. Am. J. Public Health 97, 9–11 (2007).
Google Scholar
Oshitani, H., Kamigaki, T. & Suzuki, A. Major issues and challenges of influenza pandemic preparedness in developing countries. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14, 875 (2008).
Google Scholar
Savoia, E. et al. Assessing public health capabilities during emergency preparedness tabletop exercises: Reliability and validity of a measurement tool. Public Health Rep. 124, 138–148 (2009).
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Whole-Of-Society Pandemic Readiness: Who Guidelines for Pandemic Preparedness and Response in the Non-Health Sector. (2009b).
World Health Organization. A practical guide for developing and conducting simulation exercises to test and validate pandemic influenza preparedness plan. (2018).
Khan, Y. et al. Are we prepared? The development of performance indicators for public health emergency preparedness using a modified Delphi approach. PLoS ONE 14, e0226489 (2019).
Google Scholar
Oppenheim, B. et al. Assessing global preparedness for the next pandemic: Development and application of an Epidemic Preparedness Index. BMJ Glob. Health 4, e001157 (2019).
Google Scholar
Jang, S. S. & Namkung, Y. Perceived quality, emotions, and behavioral intentions: Application of an extended Mehrabian-Russell model to restaurants. J. Bus Res. 62, 451–460 (2009).
Google Scholar
Cakici, N. M. & Shukla, P. Country-of-origin misclassification awareness and consumers’ behavioral intentions: Moderating roles of consumer affinity, animosity, and product knowledge. Int. Mark. Rev. 34, 354–376 (2017).
Google Scholar
Parasuraman, A., Berry, L. L. & Zeithaml, V. A. Refinement and reassessment of the SERVQUAL scale. J. Retail. 67, 420 (1991).
Izmir O. The Role of the Xenocentrizm, Cosmopolitanism and Price in the Effect of Country Image on Health Service Quality and Behavioral Intentions. PhD. Thesis, (Anadolu University, 2021). https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp.
Cronin, J. J. Jr. & Taylor, S. A. SERVPERF versus SERVQUAL: Reconciling performance-based and perceptions-minus-expectations measurement of service quality. J. Mark. 58, 125–131 (1994).
Google Scholar
Kim, K. H., Kim, K. S., Kim, D. Y., Kim, J. H. & Kang, S. H. Brand equity in hospital marketing. J. Bus Res. 61, 75–82 (2008).
Google Scholar
Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences 2nd edn. (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988).
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. Multivariate data analysis: Pearson New International Edition (Pearson Education Limited, 2014).
Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. Using Multivariate Statistics (Allyn & Bacon, 2007).
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M. & Sarstedt, M. A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. J Acad. Mark Sci. 43, 115–135 (2015).
Google Scholar
Kline, R. B. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (Guilford publications, 2016).
Babu, G. R., Khetrapal, S., John, D. A., Deepa, R. & Narayan, K. V. Pandemic preparedness and response to COVID-19 in South Asian Countries. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 104, 169–174 (2021).
Google Scholar
De Micco, F. et al. Vaccines administration in the perspective of patient safety and quality of healthcare: Lesson from the experience of an italian teaching hospital for pandemic preparedness. Vaccines 10, 1–11 (2022).
Google Scholar
Ashcroft, J., Byrne, M. H., Brennan, P. A. & Davies, R. J. Preparing medical students for a pandemic: A systematic review of student disaster training programmes. Postgrad. Med. J. 97, 368–379 (2021).
Google Scholar
Yanti, B., Armita, N. & Zakaria, I. The role of knowledge, attitudes, and health workers’ behavior in COVID19 pandemic preparedness at Aceh Pidie Jaya District, Indonesia. Int. J. Care Coord. 24, 107–112 (2021).
Rad, F. F., Oghazi, P., İzmir, O. & Kordestani, A. Adoption of AI-based order picking in warehouse: Benefits, challenges, and critical success factors. Rev. Manag. Sci. (2025).
Google Scholar
Moynihan, R. et al. Pandemic impacts on healthcare utilisation: A systematic review. 2020–10.
Vimla, & Taneja, U. Brand image to loyalty through perceived service quality and patient satisfaction: A conceptual framework. Health Serv. Manage Res. 34, 250–257 (2021).
Google Scholar
Chahal, H. & Kumari, N. Service quality and performance in the public health-care sector. Health Mark Q. 29, 181–205 (2012).
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Second round of the national pulse survey on continuity of essential health services during the COVID-19 pandemic: January-March 2021: Interim report, 22 April 2021. (2021)
Baccega, D., Castagno, P., Fernández Anta, A. & Sereno, M. Enhancing COVID-19 forecasting precision through the integration of compartmental models, machine learning and variants. Sci. Rep. 14, 1–17 (2024).
Google Scholar
Petrović, D., Petrović, M., Bojković, N. & Čokić, V. P. An integrated view on society readiness and initial reaction to COVID–19: A study across European countries. PLoS ONE 15, e0242838 (2020).
Google Scholar
Parsons, L. J. A national cross-sectional survey of public perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic: Self-reported beliefs, knowledge, and behaviors. PLoS ONE 15, e0241259 (2020).
Google Scholar
Xiong, J. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. J. Affect. Disord. 277, 55–64 (2020).
Google Scholar
Müller, S. A. Prevalence and risk factors for long COVID and post-COVID-19 condition in Africa: A systematic review. Lancet Glob. Health 11, e1713–e1724 (2023).
Google Scholar
Özdin, S. & Bayrak Özdin, Ş. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 66, 504–511 (2020).
Google Scholar
Hoşgör, H., Aközlü, Z. & Hoşgör, D. G. The perception concerning the COVID-19 pandemic: Case of Turkey. Eur. Res. J. 7, 116–126 (2021).
Google Scholar
Fauci, A. S. & Folkers, G. K. Pandemic preparedness and response: Lessons from COVID-19. J. Infect. Dis. 228, 422–425 (2023).
Google Scholar
Mahapatra, P., Sahoo, K. C. & Pati, S. A longitudinal qualitative study on physician experience in managing multimorbidity across the COVID-19 pandemic in Odisha, India. Sci. Rep. 14, 12866 (2024).
Google Scholar
Fishbein, M. & Ajzen, I. Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research (Addison-Wesley, 1975).
link